The military was also an active participant in the development, and the shuttle's payload bay (which carried equipment into satellites into space) was enlarged in the design phase to accommodate larger military satellites. The original vision of the space shuttle program was to develop a vehicle that would launch into space very frequently (several times a month) to deploy and repair satellites as required. NASA began work on an Integrated Launch and Re-entry Vehicle (ILRV) in 1968, and by 1969 the space shuttle's development received approval from then-President Richard Nixon. Air Force also conducted studies on semi-reusable spacecraft in the 1960s. The X-15 program in the 1950s tested the idea of flying a space plane. The space shuttle grew out of several efforts to develop reusable spacecraft. Smaller thrusters located at the shuttle's nose and aft fuselage were used for small flight adjustments.
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The aft fuselage held the orbital maneuvering system, main engines and vertical tail. The bay could hold satellites, modules containing whole laboratories, and construction materials for the International Space Station. The mid-fuselage housed a 60-foot (18-meter) payload bay and robotic arm. The largest crew size for a shuttle mission was eight astronauts. The crew compartment, located in the forward fuselage, normally carried crews of seven astronauts, but occasionally carried fewer people. It was 122 feet (37 meters) long and had a wingspan of 78 feet (23 m). The orbiter was about the same size as a DC-9 aircraft. The orbiter is the component most people think of as "the shuttle." It was the heart and brains of the system and the actual ship that took people to space and brought them back.
![launch of space shuttle endeavour launch of space shuttle endeavour](https://piximus.net/media/2360/space-shuttle-endeavour-launched-3.jpg)
Most of it burned up in the atmosphere, and the rest fell into the ocean. With its fuel spent, the tank separated and fell along a planned trajectory.
![launch of space shuttle endeavour launch of space shuttle endeavour](https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/sites/default/files/images/2019-01/181030_CaScienceCenter_037.jpg)
(Image credit: NASA)Īfter the solid rocket boosters separated, the orbiter carried the external tank to about 70 miles (113 km) above the Earth. Once empty, this huge orange tank separated from the rest of the apparatus and fell back to Earth. It served as the "gas tank" for the space shuttle on launch. The external tank was the only part of the space shuttle not reused from launch to launch.